Jennifer Government Essays - 826 Words

2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jennifer Government takes place in the not so distant future, and predominantly in Australia; however, there is a lot of traveling across continents. Australia is run by the United States’ United Alliance, along with the majority of the rest of the world. 3.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The story is depicted in a third person/omniscient point of view, and each chapter is from the view of a different character. â€Å"They scattered, and she dived for the escalator, landing on her stomach and sliding, leading with her .45s. There was a man at the bottom, looking up, and almost put him down before recognizing he wasn’t the target.† 4.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jennifer Government takes the reader on a journey†¦show more content†¦Hack originally just hoped to get out of the troubling Nike scandal, but later focused on battling all of big business. Jennifer Government – Jennifer is thought to have a fit, attractive body with short hair. It is clear that she has green eyes and a barcode tattoo under her left eye. Jennifer Government is portrayed as a confident, determined, focused and powerful woman, who knows exactly what she wants. Through out the novel Jennifer goes through remarkable lengths in attempt to catch John Nike. 6.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Due to Jennifer Government being written from a different character’s point of view every chapter, there are multiple climaxes. Hack Nike’s climax would be when his girlfriend, Violet, breaks up with him; but Hack and Violet’s sister, Claire, admit their love for each other almost immediately after. Once hack becomes acquaintances with Claire, he starts to have some self-respect and begins his battle against big business. Buy Mitsui’s climax could be his failed suicide attempt. After his failure, he called Jennifer Government for advice on how to make the gun shoot properly, for it wouldn’t work. Jennifer then rushed to his apartment and the two fell in love. Billy NRA’s climax is when he is meant to shoot the president from a hotel room, but is startled when Jennifer Government kicks in the door and he misses his target; followed by being arrested. However, the ultimate climax of the story is the finalShow MoreRela tedJennifer Government Point-of-View Analysis1243 Words   |  5 Pagesworld where your last name is the company you work for. Imagine a world where the United States includes all of North American, all of South America, all of Australia, the Pacific Islands, South Africa, India, Thailand and Russia. Welcome to Jennifer Government. The novel can be looked at by a reader as a simple, yet innovative story. The novel can also be seen as a deep, catawampus story with plenty of plot twists that are nicely blended together. Each successive chapter is told from the view fromRead MoreEssay on Education Policy in Michigan 2295 Words   |  10 Pagespeople attempting to solve them are not equipped with the skills and knowledge needed to make informed decisions. The state cannot run itself, let alone the nation as a whole, if its’ people are uneducated. The Constitution, the very basis of our government, relies heavily on the assumption that citizens of the United States are able to make knowledgeable and well-reasoned decisions, the types of which cannot be made when a person does not receive a proper education. This proper education is unattainableRead MoreThe Importance Of The Film Incentive Program1702 Words   |  7 Pagessome $6 billion was generated in the pervious year alone. This was a major impact on the states economy and society as some 250 film and TV projects where film there within a 12 month span. The program which started in 2007 under former Governor Jennifer Granholm reached its peak in 2010. That year alone, $115 million was awarded in incentives. Governor Rick Snyder attempted to chance the program after taking office in 2011. He changed the program to be a cash based incentives which would capRead MoreThe Oldest Jest by Jennifer Johnston1010 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the decline of the Big House both bringing aspect of their personal lives into the novels to be a type of biographical perspective of 1920’s Ireland. O’Faolà ¡in makes the distinction between Johnston and Keane with the following â€Å"[a]lthough Jennifer Johnston is not a daughter of the Big House, in the sense that Molly Keane maybe thus classified, she is closely linked to this world through family connections, friends, and personal tastes† (Mortimer 209). Yet each takes a different route to orientRead More Archetypal Criticism of Blood Diamond627 Words   |  2 Pagesmany t ragic events happening. There is loss for some people and gain for others. The movie takes place during the time of the civil war in Sierra Leone in 1999 (Synopsis for Blood Diamond). The movie portrays the events that transpired between the government soldiers and rebel forces. (Synopsis for Blood Diamond). As the Movie opens Solomon Vandy is taken away from his family by RUF (the Revolutionary United Front). Among other Solomon is set to work to find diamonds that will later be sold for a profitRead MoreThe Western Model Of Urbanization Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment, therefore creating and maintaining a world-class city is integral to enhancing a nation’s reputation on the competitive global stage. With this rapid urbanization, cities have become the culmination of developmentalism and modernity. Jennifer Robinson defines modernity as â€Å"...the cultural experience of contemporary city life and the association cultural valorisation and celebration of innovation and novelty,† whereas developmentalism is â€Å"...the ambition to improve life in cities, especiallyRead MorePrivacy And Security : Privacy Vs. Security1503 Words   |  7 Pagesfiguratively speaking. Governments believe that security is more important, claiming it will help with terrorism and lower the crime rate. If we allow this to happen, then as an example, the government could monitor our phones conversations, what web sites we visit, the games or programs we download, even where we go throughout our day by tracking us on the GPS unit in our smartphones. Privacy is more important than security because students around the globe want to feel their governments, their employersRead MorePrivacy Is More Impor tant Than Security1594 Words   |  7 Pagesfiguratively speaking. Governments believe that security is more important, claiming it will help with terrorism and lower the crime rate. If we allow this to happen, then as an example, the government could monitor our phones conversations, what websites we visit, the games or programs we download, even where we go throughout our day by tracking us on the GPS unit in our smartphones. Privacy is more important than security because students around the globe want to feel their governments, their employersRead MoreThe Privacy Of An Individual1700 Words   |  7 Pagesand democratic form of government, declaring that, â€Å"it is the greatest good to the greatest number of people which is the measure of right and wrong.† The privacy of an individual is at its most a fundamental right to which one is entitled. Furthermore, the infringement of an individual’s privacy is rarely justified to any extent, even under circumstances wi th the purpose of protecting a nation because it deprives individuals of their fundamental rights. However, the government believes that they haveRead MoreEssay about Foreign Aid in Africa1250 Words   |  5 Pageswhen a continent like Africa fails to maintain a stable government and economy, super powers such as America decide to intervene with its relations. Africa has great potential to become another pillar of the world’s economic structure with its mass amounts of uncultivated land. Unfortunately, corruption and irresponsible governments hinder that progress. Foreign aid while helpful should be limited to a yearly amount because it allows the government to repudiate responsibility and gives room for corruption;

Essay on Solutions to the Underage Drinking Problem

Solutions to the Underage Drinking Problem As more and more innocent lives are taken by accidents involving alcohol, its no wonder why the drinking age is enforced. Consumption of alcohol doesnt just pertain to drinking and driving but is also involved in teen deaths such as suicide, homicide, and other accidents including drowning. Last year, 224 Texans under the age of 21 died in traffic accidents caused by drunken drivers. How well is it being enforced though? A Gallup Youth Survey taken in May of 2001, found that 51% of teens between the ages of 13-17 said it is pretty easy to get alcohol. They are able to get it from their parents, a person who is of legal age, using a fake ID, or successfully stealing it.†¦show more content†¦This past year nine of my fellow classmates lost their lives in car accidents involving alcohol. You would think that after the first death teens would realize how serious the affects of alcohol could be. The effects of alcohol also include life consequences such teen pregnancy, sexually t ransmitted diseases, and/or abusive sexual behavior. A girl that I have recently met told me that one night of fun changed her life forever. She is only nineteen and already has to deal with the responsibilities of being a mother. Alcohol has an affect on your decisions and can cause you to make mistakes that you may regret. Many teens don?t get a second chance at life and unfortunately this will continue to happen as long as we ignore the importance of underage drinking. Maybe the only way to make teens realize how serious binge drinking is to make the consequences more sever. In the past four years the number of tickets police have issued to minors for possessing or consuming alcohol has more than doubled, according to the Texas Department of public Safety. A couple of things that can be done when a minor has violated his or her alcohol rights are to make the fines higher. If the fines are higher maybe they will think twice about consuming or possessing alcohol. To go along with t he fines should be a standard amount of community service. A lot of teens do not like wasting their time doing work that they won?t get paid for.Show MoreRelatedEssay about A Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem759 Words   |  4 PagesA Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem Recently, the issue of underage drinking has become a major problem for our society. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2009), about 10.4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 have drank more than â€Å"just a few sips† of alcohol. Moreover, 5,000 people under the age of 21 die each year in alcohol-related deaths including car crashes, homicides, and other injuries such as falls (NIAAA, 2009). When adolescentsRead More Underage Drinking: A Big Problem Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking: A Big Problem nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Underage drinking is wide spread through out the United States. According to Klaidman, of 10 million people under the age 21 who admitted theyd had a cocktail in the last month, 4.4 million said that they are quot;binge drinkers,quot; or people who have had more than four drinks in a row. Also, alcohol use among 12 to 17 year olds has risen .9% over the past three years (137). Lack of entertainment on college campuses and easy availabilityRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age ( Tietjen )1700 Words   |  7 PagesLegal Drinking Age On July 17 of 1984 President Ronald Reagan signed to make the National Minimum Drinking Age Act a law. This law required all states to have a minimum drinking age of 21, if a state did not comply with this law they could face up to a 10% cut in funding for their federal highways (Tietjen). Since this act became a law there has been two distinct sides arguing whether they agree with the minimum drinking age, or whether they disagree. One side believes having a minimum drinking ageRead MoreAdolescent, Pre Teen And Under Age Drinking Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent, Pre-Teen and Under Age Drinking Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the serious problems and concerns associated with adolescent, pre-teen and underage drinking. Central Idea: Three things that my audience will learn about adolescent, pre-teen, underage drinking are as follows: Risk Factors that may cause underage alcohol use and abuse, Prevention of underage alcohol use and abuse, and the Benefits of not participating in underage alcohol use and abuse. I. Introduction: CONFUSION†¦FORGETFULLNESS†¦ARGUMENITIVENESS†¦LOSSRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Prevention Of Underage Drinking1280 Words   |  6 PagesIII. Suggestions of a possible solution a. Education i. Nature. What, specifically, is the plan? Not only does family play a significant role in the prevention of underage drinking, so does education. The plan is to get more schools involved in teaching youth about the potential risks associated with underage and irresponsible drinking habits. ii. Strengths. In what ways would this plan effectively fulfill the requirements or criteria of a solution, that is make notable progress in the directionRead MoreProblem And Solution Of Underaged Drinking1553 Words   |  7 PagesKendra Gallos English III Sean Meisner 4/6/17 Problem and Solution of Underaged Drinking in America One of the major problems facing America s youth today is underaged drinking. This is simply defined as the consumption of any commercial alcoholic beverage while under the legal age restriction of twenty one. A solution is in dire need, as the problem causes exponential harm to many teen’s health. Underaged drinking has been the underlying cause of numerous fatalities over the past several decadesRead More Lowering the Drinking Age Appears to be Best Solution Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Appears to be Best Solution Despite offering many solutions to the ongoing problem of underage drinking, there seems to be no chance for a law to pass that will lower the drinking age. Pete Coors of Coors Brewing Co. ran for senator in the Colorado election and campaigned that he was not pushing to lower the drinking age, however many of his quotes are not consistent with this point of view. No matter what the ultimate decision is for the drinking age, fake IDs and parentsRead MoreUnderage Drinking And The Central Nervous System1446 Words   |  6 PagesThere are so many people who have drank underage. Norah Piehl quotes, â€Å"According to a 1991 University of Michigan study 81% of students had had at least one alcoholic drink in their lives (13 Piehl).† Wow, that is scary. Imagine, 81 percent of students; that is to many people. What is alcohol anyway? Rob Nagel states, â€Å"Alcohol is a depressant that acts as a numbing agent on the central nervous system.† So drinking alcohol can slow down the central nervous system and can impair a person’s judgementRead MoreThe Plague Of Underage Drinking1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Plague of Underage Drinking â€Å"Every year in the U.S., roughly 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from an alcohol-related incident including car crashes, homicides, suicides, alcohol poisoning and other related injuries† ( â€Å"11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse†). That is 5,000 more teens or young adults that could be saved from this plague in this society (11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse). Underage drinking and alcoholism is a huge problem in the United States, and as a society need to make a change withRead MoreSolutions for Lowering Alcohol Consumption Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pageswhen it came to drinking, â€Å"drunkenness includes slurred speech, drowsiness and, sleep disruption† (DrugAbuse 1). Due to too much alcohol in his system, he had no idea what he was doing or getting himself into when sitting behind the steering wheel. Intoxication, irresponsibility, and lack of self-control took the life of Johnny Manzeeel. Alcoholic beverages like wine, beer, and spirit plague this world w ith problems like underage drinking, drinking irresponsibly, and health problems. Alcohol related

Women and Religion in the Middle East Free Essays

Religion and Women in the Middle East Religion goes hand in hand with culture, and in the Muslim countries this is very apparent. The cultural importance of men over women may have stemmed from religion, however it was further recognized when imperialist countries introduced capitalism and class divides. â€Å"Islam must combat the wrenching impact of alien forces whose influence in economic, political, and cultural permutations continues to prevail† (Stowasser 1994, 5). We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Religion in the Middle East or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, instead of an agrarian state where both men and women had their place, difficulties have formed due to the rise in education and awareness that women can and do have a place in society beyond domestic living Though women are not equal to men anywhere around the world, the differences between men and women are greater possibly in the Muslim world, partially due to religion and culture. â€Å"Fewer women are educated in the Muslim world than in other culture areas†¦ The percentage of women working other than agriculture is probably the smallest in the world, the birth rate the highest, and the laws regarding marriage and related matters most unequal† (Stowasser 1994, 5). Though, of recent years inequality has been blamed on the Islamic religion, gender inequalities were in the Middle East before Islam. However, by radical groups and male elite, women are being discriminated because of their gender due to religious connotations amongst other things. The male bias, like in most religions, has been enforced within society like in the text of the Qur’an. Keddie and Beck asserts that, â€Å"In Islamic law women have male guardians; woman’s testimony is worth half that of a man; women are considered to have less reason than men† (Beck and Keddie 1978, 25-26). So the Qur’an in many of the Middle Eastern countries has been taken and formed in ‘Islamic Law’ which may not entirely reflect what is said in the Holy Book, but has been used to discriminate and divide, not only gender, but class and status. What will be discussed is the divide between men and women due to religion, and why that is in certain countries in the Middle East and not others. It is not necessarily the Qur’an that has brought about the discrimination of women. There is male dominance in most every religious book. However it is how it has been translated, either by modernists, conservatives, and fundamentalists and how this has altered the treatment of women in society. In addition to this, it is also important to consider the country and how it is run. In the Middle East, regime is varied and eclectic; it would seem that the countries that are run by elite monarchists such as Saudi Arabia, have stricter laws on women and are more conservative or fundamental Islamists. On the other hand, countries that have a more lenient approach have better education and rights for women (though still not as forward as some Western countries). These thoughts by fundamentalists or conservatives relate to Muhammed’s spouses and how they are discussed in the Qur’an as there are no female prophets. According to Stowasser, the main components and treatment of women are set in the Qur’an, which is ‘segregation and quiet domesticity; modest comportment, indeed, invisibility through veiling; ascetic frugality; devout obedience to God and His Prophet. Insofar as the latter was these women’s husband, special emphasis is also placed on wifely obedience (Beck and Keddie 1978, 118). ’ This is seen as a very conservative view and parts of the Qur’an have been used to determine this, which is said to be harmful to women. Modern interpretations of the Qur’an suggest that manipulation of texts has led to foreign intervention due to human rights issues on gender. However, the modernists do not believe in segregation, and though religion is important to have, you should not be discriminated on how devout you are. They use the Qur’an not in a literal sense, but in a way which fits into modern society and works with both genders. The teachings in the Qur’an can be twisted either way. Practices of fundamental Islamists vary when it comes to marital rights, education, and behavior and punishment of women according to the Qur’an. In some societies, women in the judicial process have very few rights that are the same as men, and their punishment seems to be much greater. Treatment by the Taliban in Afghanistan, and by other groups such as the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood all contribute to how women are treated legally. Zohreh Arshadi asserts that in countries such as Iran, â€Å"The Islamic punishments have encouraged a culture of violence against women†¦ The fact that men receive a lighter punishment if they commit a violence against women undoubtedly encourages such violence. We saw how women could be killed with impunity during alleged adultery. Stoning to death for adultery, although technically admissible for both sexes, has also been carried out mainly against women† (Arshadi 2012). It is in countries such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and some non-Middle Eastern countries where the Qur’an is taken as a literal word and law, and there is constituted into actual state law. This means that certain texts from the Qur’an are used to treat women violently. For example a passage in the Qur’an states: Hadith Muslim (4:1982)   The Prophet said, â€Å"I saw Hell also. No such (abominable) sight have I ever seen as that which I saw today; and I observed that most of its inhabitants were women. They said: Messenger of Allah, on what account is it so? He said: For their ingratitude or disbelief (bi-kufraihinna). It was said: Do they disbelieve in Allah? He said: (Not for their disbelief in God) but for their ingratitude to their husbands. † Again, the inferiority of women to men that is listed in the Qur’an has meant that fundamentalist groups put pressures on women that is not apparent for the men. The repetition of how ‘unholy’ and disobedient women are means that is the way they are treated, which infringes on their rights. This was apparent in Kuwait, where a monarch (Sheikhs) and the elite ruled with heavy Islamic laws until the 1980s. There were no schools for girls; it was compulsory for women to be covered in only black by puberty, where then they would soon be married; and Polygamy was common place where not only could a man have up to four wives (condoned by Islamic Law) but could also keep female slaves (Beck and Keddie 1987, 174). This is a typical scene in fundamental countries; women with no education, little rights that match the men, and severe punishment if thought to be misbehaving. Though this has changed since the 1980s, it will still haunt their history. Though there are very few states that are run by this ancient Islamic way, there are still groups that carry this out in modern Middle Eastern countries. For instance the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt have carried out ritual beatings and stoning of women, and it has been made clear they use the Qur’an as a way of putting women in a domestic place only. Asserted by a female blogger in Egypt ‘It is abundantly clear that the Muslim Brotherhood do not see women rights as natural and inalienable. Their rights must be restricted by Sharia and their duties in society; duties which are in themselves dictated by Sharia. (2011. On Coptic Nationalism; The Position of the Muslim Brotherhood on Women and Children – Analysis and Critique of the FJP’s Parliamentary Election Program. ) Another example is the Taliban in Afghanistan. The Revolutionary Women of Afghanistan have claimed that there is whipping, beating, and verbal abuse of women not clothed in accordance with Tal iban rules. For instance not having their ankles covered, adultery, and with the ban of cosmetics even painted nails could result with their fingers being cut off. (2012. Punishment of Muslim Women. ) This punishment and treatment is said to be within Islamic teachings, however it is conservative and fundamentalist groups that read the Qur’an literally that enforce such rulings. When we talk of fundamentalist countries in the Middle East in association with religion, Saudi Arabia comes to mind. It is, so to speak, the heartland of religious and holy land. Mecca and Medina, the place where billions take holy migration to, is situated here and therefore Saudi Arabia has strong religious ties and feelings within. It is ruled by the Saud family, who are said to be direct descendants of the prophet Muhammed. The Saud family uses this as a determinant of power. George Lipsky claims that, ‘[Saud’s] used this deeply conservative and puritanical Sunnite orthodoxy as a basic instrument for gaining and wielding power. The result was the creation of a political order in which paramount authority is in the hands of an executive who fills three traditional roles, that of the tribal leader, religious leader, and king. ’ (Lipsky, George A. 1959. Saudi Arabia; its people, its society, its culture. New Haven: Hraff Press. Pg 5) This should assert that the Saudi Kingdom rules by very traditional and conservative ways, including religion. ‘The public practice of any form of religion other than Islam is prohibited in Saudi Arabia. Severe punishment (imprisonment and deportation) can result should such activities come to the attention of the authorities. ’ (British Embassy Riyadh. 2012. UK in Saudi Arabia. http://ukinsaudiarabia. fco. gov. uk/en/help-for-british-nationals/living-in-saudi-arabia/) All laws in Saudi are based from the Qur’an, and the law is sharia. This means that as an extremely religious country, it has had problems facing gender equality and human rights. The penalty for any misconduct, be it adultery to dressing ‘inappropriately’ is punishable by public beheading or death by stoning. To enforce religious law, the Mutawwa or religious police have been put in place. Mutawwa police have the right to cut off women’s left hand if misbehaving. It is this large enforcement of extreme religion which has gained attention from the Western countries, but little else due to their huge amounts of oil. Lipsky reiterates that, ‘Women, the vast majority of whom live in seclusion and are almost totally without education. ’(Lipsky, George A. 1959. Saudi Arabia; its people, its society, its culture. New Haven: Hraff Press. pg 131) There have been countless claims and acts of violence towards women due to ‘religion. ’ However, it is more of a way for the Saud regime to stay in power, religion is used as a means of quieting the masses. Though the country is forever modernizing, and women’s groups funded by the West are starting to show, the punishment for speaking out is far too dangerous and risky. Modernization of the Middle East has had it’s implications, good and bad. The treatment of women and their rights in most countries have improved. The countries that were colonized have modernized much more than the Middle Eastern areas that were ignored by imperialist. Politically, economically, and socially these countries have improved their human rights with the course of industrialization. The gap between women and men has not gotten worse, but instead have been brought to the attention of international human rights advocators. Countries such as Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and other revolutionary countries has seen the rise in female activists of the Islamic religion. This may be due to these countries more lenient state approach to having Islam as a main feature of their political system. As these states have seen the rise in social demands for political reform, it means their policies are more liberal than that of a monarchical run state with heavy religious influence. Stowasser asserts that, â€Å"Modernists have long opposed the notion that women’s segregation is a necessary aspect of moral Muslim society† (Stowasser 1994, 132). She goes onto agree with modernists who maintain that, â€Å"the Qur’an established women’s equality with men in all essential respects, a fact misunderstood by Medieval Muslim lawyers† (Stowasser 1994, 132). ’ Modernists believe that many fundamentalist groups manipulate what the text of the Qur’an says in order to fit their social rule. With the study of Kuwait, modernization of the country brought much social reform and change. Instead of the state being run by heavy Islamic law and religious lineage, Beck and Keddie say that, â€Å"the community and education of women [in Kuwait] had been the entry of women into government service†¦ Hundreds of Kuwaiti women [are] working in schools and offices alongside men† (Beck and Keddie 1978, 175). Though there are still problems facing women in Kuwait, due to modernization, religion has less of a restrictive connotations, and more of a liberating one. When speaking of modernization versus fundamentalism, in terms of religious rule, the dress code and especially the Hijab and veiling is a topic that determines how liberal a state is on religion and gender. Initially, the dress code of women, particularly the Hijab, was mainly a garment of status. In the Qur’an, it says that women must be dressed modestly and cover in accordance so. Again, it is how groups and states interpret the Qur’an and how extreme and literal they take this to mean. Still today the way a woman dresses reveals status and wealth, though punishment for covering that is not in accordance to law or is seen as provoking can be punished with death. Though the veiling of women has initial religious meanings, it has become more of a political gesture and stance. To not be seen with a veil or appropriate dress has ‘Western’ connotations, which has negative implications. Leila Ahmed agrees that, â€Å"it is a discourse on women and the veil in which another history is also inscribed, the history of colonial domination and the struggle against it and the class divisions around that struggle† (Ahmed 1992, 130). ’ It has little to do with religion; however, the veil has been used as a way to enforce religion in fundamentalist areas. It is more of a way to speak against imperialists and the Western world, not necessarily religion. Haddad and Esposito assert that, ‘The veil and Islamic dress are the outward obvious signs of women’s adherence to the new Islamic trends. However, the veil and formal compliance with tradition do not necessarily mean commitment to all the ideological baggage associated with it† (Haddad 1998, 182). They agree that is mainly a conservative way of approaching Islam and anti-imperialist feelings. Though the discourse on the Hijab and dress has been battered with human rights issues, it is not religion to blame, only the extreme use of it in states. Due to modernization, the human rights of women in the Middle East and the How to cite Women and Religion in the Middle East, Essay examples

Investment and Education

Question: Discuss about the Report for Investment and Education. Answer: Topic: Investment in Education is the most important investment a developing country can make Background: Education has long been an integral part that has helped in the development of the society. Investing in the education system of a country will ultimately lead to the development of the country. Outline: Education provides development in the knowledge and skills of an individual. Attending various levels of education system like high school, college and University prepares an individual to become professional. Effort from professional front contributes to the development of the country. Thesis: Investment in education can lead to development of a country. 1. Social issue: Argument: Counter argument: Refutation: Salgr, (2013) commented that education has made peasants into Frenchmen; Education has made Subject into Citizen. Social equality is more important than economic equality. Thus, it is evident that education has lead to social and economic equality. Several studies have suggested that education is the only means of increasing diversity and cosmopolitanism that ultimately leads to tolerance and less suspicion of the education. An individual becomes open-minded that ultimately creates a trust towards others in the society (Maurer, 2011). It has been further argued that free education that started in the 19th Century in the Western Countries has lead to the growth of the identification of the Nation States (Kruss et al., 2015). With major empirical researches, it has been found that the trust of people on each other has increased in countries like UK, Germany, USA and that is one of the major reasons behind the success of these Nations. Further, Kruss et al. (2015) added that when people are educated, they can easily represent themselves in other countries as well. An educated person does not find is difficult to cope with economical or societal situation of other countries. Education helps to create a good bonding among the people and there remains a better chance that the relationship with people will become better. Therefore, there is no doubt that education helps directly or indirectly in the development of a nation. Another important point that has been raised as a part of the importance of education for a Nation State is that in the recent scenario, majority of the Nation State has become democratic and the people of the nation has got the power to select the right representative for their country. Being educated helps a person to decide whom they should vote and help them to decide between two parties. The importance of voting cannot be neglected at any case (Krzyminiewska, 2012). Apart from the voting factor, education also helps an individual to get job. Every company wants qualified and well educated employees for their company. It is only when the person is educated the company decides to hire the particular person for the particular company. Chabbott, (2013) has pointed out that in lieu of getting degrees to show people that an individual is well educated, some people take the support of fake degrees from private Universities and Colleges. This way, an individual surely gets a degree but the value of the degree does not holds the same importance (Rist, 2016). In addition to this, these scams are followed by huge monetary transaction that ultimately results in corruption in the particular country. These scenarios for obvious reasons do not support any kind of development of the particular nation or country. There have been lots of discussions made on the fact that education helps in the development of a country. There have been more evidences on the fact that education has provided the opportunity to open up the horizon to the people of a Nation to think about their own country. There is no doubt that increasing trust among the people will help the Nation as a whole to make improvement (Petersen et al., 2016). Increasing corruption and mal practices as a result of gaining better acknowledgement in the field of education is changing the social condition of the Nation. In order to overcome these negative impacts, a thorough check and regulation on the education system needs to be kept under consideration. 2. Economic issue: Argument: Counter argument: Refutation: Reading Charron et al. (2016), it has been found that in the contemporary competitive world, it has become important for an individual to have certain specific skills to compete with the world and that shall help in the progress of an individual as well. Charron et al. (2016) has referred education as the specific skills needed for the development of the country. In addition to this, it has also been pointed that education not only helps in improving specific skill of a person but education is equally import in shaping the economical and societal condition of the country. When investment is made on the educational system of a country, the citizens of the country also find it evident to contribute towards the nation or the society. People feel the necessity of contributing towards the development of the nation. With proper education, people become aware about their rights and duties that they have as a citizen of the country (Arthur, Hisrichb Cabrera, 2012). Therefore, a kind of rationalism takes birth that ultimately helps the person to find ways to reform against any oppressive situation. In the contemporary situation, power should rest on the citizens of the country rather than the bureaucrats and higher official people. It is only possible when the people are educated enough to understand the difference between the right and the wrong. Coleman, (2015) suggested that development of a country depends on the economical standard of the country. Economy of a country increases with increasing per capital income. This is possible when people of the particular country get better opportunity of earning. Therefore, an industrially developed nation provides better opportunities to the people of the country to earn money. This is a better way for the development of the country (Majhanovich Geo-JaJa, 2013). Therefore, if the government of the country focuses more on the industrial development rather than educational standard of the people, then there remained better possibilities for the country to develop or prosper. Proper investments should be made in every individual sector including the educational sector that calls for the overall development of a country (Arends, 2014). There have been many times when arguments have been made to increase the investment on the education sector of the particular country. It is because, it is evident that there is no doubt that investment in the educational sector would not go into vain and it will ultimately result in the overall development of the country and its people (Fgerlind Saha, 2014). The governmental guidelines and rules and regulations needs to keep checked for the sake of improving the educational system of a particular nation. There is a reason behind the development of the major developed Nations because the government of the country focuses equally on the education system of the nation along with the other sectors like defense or security or industrial development (Myezwa, McConkey Mariga, 2014). Summary and Thesis: The essay focuses on the factors that highlight the importance of education in the dev elopement of a country. There have been many arguments made for the topic that supports the fact that education is indeed important for the overall improvement of the country. However, there have been many instances when it has been observed that for fighting with the situation of gaining the value of education, many people are getting redirected towards getting educational degree by the means of illegal activities. It is for the same reason, the overall reputation of the country decreases. Thus, it is evident that proper regulation and check on the educational system shall help to improve the condition of the country as a whole. Reference list: Arends, R. (2014).Learning to teach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Arthur, S. J., Hisrich, R. D., Cabrera, . (2012). The importance of education in the entrepreneurial process: A world view.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,19(3), 500-514. Chabbott, C. (2013).Constructing education for development: International organizations and education for all. Routledge. Charron, N., Rothstein, B., Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gteborgs universitet, Department of Political Science, . . . Quality of Government Institute (QoG). (2016). Does education lead to higher generalized trust? the importance of quality of government.International Journal of Educational Development,50, 59-73. Coleman, J. S. (2015).Education and Political Development.(SPD-4)(Vol. 4). Princeton University Press. Fgerlind, I., Saha, L. J. (2014).Education and national development: A comparative perspective. Elsevier. Kruss, G., McGrath, S., Petersen, I., Gastrow, M. (2015). Higher education and economic development: The importance of building technological capabilities.International Journal of Educational Development,43, 22-31. Krzyminiewska, G. (2012). Social development of social country area versus economic education of young generation.Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development,2(24), 151-158. Majhanovich, S., Geo-JaJa, M. A. (2013).Economics, aid and education : Implications for development(1st ed.). Dordrecht: SensePublishers. Maurer, M. (2011).Skill formation regimes in south Asia: A comparative study on the path-dependent development of technical and vocational education and training for the garment industry. Frankfurt: Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. Myezwa, H., McConkey, R., Mariga, L. (2014).Inclusive education in low-income countries: A resource book for teacher educators, parent trainers and community developmentDisability Innovations Africa Petersen, I., Gastrow, M., Kruss, G., McGrath, S. (2016). Higher education and economic development: the importance of building technological capabilities. Rist, D. W. (2016).The export of legal education: Its promise and impact in transition countries. Farnham: Routledge Ltd. Salgr, S. A. (2013). The importance of education in economic growth.Manager,(18), 47.

Paul And Manasseh Essays - Books Of Samuel, David,

Paul And Manasseh The Comparison and Contrast of the Lives of Paul and Manasseh Saul and Mannaseh are two men who have the same problem, but God brings both men to the same point in his will. Saul, which would soon be Paul, was brought up in a Jewish household and was taught by Gamaliel, Gamaliel was a very important and well-known teacher of the Jewish law. In many older Jewish writings he was called a learned man. This would cause Saul to be of a higher estate or class because of being taught by Gamaliel. He later became a Pharisee because of his knowledge. His being a Pharisee meant that he believed in angel, demons, and a bodily resurrection from the dead, among other things. Being a Pharisee will help Saul later in his life. He was also a zealot of the Law. That was a Pharisee that took the meaning of the Law to the extremes. His job was to capture Jews who were trying to go to Damascus, which was against the laws at that time. After capturing them he would take them to Jerusalem where they would be tried for their crime. Under some circumstances he would actually kill the Jews on the spot. All of this combined together was at that time considered a very holy or rig hteous person. Then on his way to Damascus Saul was stopped by a light that blinded him-It was the Lord. The Lord said Saul, Saul why persecutest thou me? Then the Lord led Saul to the city in which later Ananias was told to go to heal Saul. When Ananias healed him it also filled him with the Holy Ghost, or salvation. After Saul was healed both physically and spiritually he went and was baptized as proof of his conversion. This is where he was righteous in not only mans eyes but in Gods. Now at the complete opposite end of the spectrum there is Mannaseh. Mannaseh was an evil king from birth. His father, Hezekiah, was a very godly man, along with his great grandfather Zechariah, who tore down all the high places and groves for false gods such as Baalim. He became king at a very young age of 12. He worshipped baal and the gods of the heavens and practiced witchcraft too. He built alter to false gods in the Lords temple. That disgraced the temple and made God very angry. This tore the people away from God. Israel was considered to be even worse than the heathen. The Lord tried to talk to the people but they would not listen. They were already brought too far away from him by Mannaseh. In Mannasehs story the circumstances, unlike Sauls blindness on the way to Damascus, wasnt necessarily against God. His troubles came from his enemies who captured him and afflicted him. He called on God to help him, probably from remembrance of his fathers calmness in situations, and the Lord answered his prayer. Then he knew his fathers God was the one t rue God. Not much unlike Sauls example of acceptance of the Lord, baptism, was Sauls tearing down of the false gods groves and high places like his father Hezekiah. This action showed his true repentance. Though he may not have been as good a king as his father, he did eventually turn back to him. Now putting these two men into perspective we can see outwardly yes, Saul was a better person humanly speaking, but both of them were in need of saving faith just as much as the other. With out this saving faith they both are equally worthless, no matter what they did where they went or how they were on the outside. All that matters in both of these men is that the Lord brought them back to himself. As Psalm 22:4 says, they trusted and thou didst deliver them. Bibliography bible Religion Essays

Locke, Hobbes, Machiavelli Essay Essays

Locke, Hobbes, Machiavelli Essay Essays Locke, Hobbes, Machiavelli Essay Essay Locke, Hobbes, Machiavelli Essay Essay Nicolo Machiavelli, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes are philosophers that have changed and influenced the lives of many people. Their specific interpretations of each of their beliefs on the best methods to run a successful government, and their evaluations of a human beings’ natural state are key to developing a more desirable government. In the film, Lord of the Flies, directed by Harry Hook, many key ideas of all three philosophers are present. John Locke’s beliefs are portrayed throughout the film, Lord of the Flies. Locke specifically states that â€Å"all men are naturally in†¦a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature†, thus suggesting that all men are neither good nor evil and that one learns one or the other as one grows (Locke 445). He goes on to say that this â€Å"state of nature† must always have â€Å"a law of nature to govern it† (Locke 446). The state of nature of human beings is a recurring theme and example in the film. When the abandoned boys first appear in the film, natural law and the state of nature are already present as the boys begin to come together and choose a leader. At the beginning of the film, the boys start off with a clean slate and as the film progresses they slowly learn and become either good or evil. Thomas Hobbes believed that â€Å"during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war†¦as if of every man, against every man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hobbes). In Lord of the Flies, the belief that men are inherently evil is portrayed quite clearly as the boys begin to perform evil and savage-like acts. The boys believe that there is a monster that inhabits the island that they must hunt down before it gets them. This central belief is the root of their evil, as they begin to act like savages, only caring about hunting down the beast, and not thinking or caring about anything else. As their savagery progresses, the boys eventually end up killing Simon, but think only twice about it, passing it by and forgetting it quite easily. Director, Harry Hook, portrays that without a strong government telling them what to do, the boys have almost completely forgotten who they are and believe that they can do anything they want, including even killing those who annoy them. Nicolo Machiavelli conceived that leaders who are â€Å"feared† rather than â€Å"loved† are the most effective of them all (Machiavelli 1). The character, Jack, establishes himself as someone to be feared and followed early on in the film. Jack punishes those who fail to act according to his rules and procedures thus exuding a position of power and authority over the other boys. Jack can be portrayed as Machiavelli’s ideal leader who â€Å"so long as he keeps his subjects united and loyal† does not mind â€Å"the reproach of cruelty; because with a few examples he will be more merciful than those who, through too much mercy, allow disorders to arise† (Machiavelli 1). John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Nicolo Machiavelli all had specific perceptions on the ideal and perfect government system or leader. These three philosophical interpretations of government and human nature present themselves neatly in the film, Lord of the Flies. Though in the film the boys do become savages and result to even killing each other, at the end of the film they are discovered by other humans and stop in their tracks, realizing their mistakes and inhumanity, thus giving the viewer hope that there may be hope for the human race.

Parallel Imaging. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Parallel Imaging Assignment

Parallel Imaging. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Parallel Imaging - Assignment Example Parallel imaging techniques were not commercially available until recently. They are on the verge of being explored in clinical applications. As has been widely cited, fundamentally, their potential clinical application involves either reduction in the acquisition time or improvement in spatial resolution. Improvements in the quality of images can be realized by reducing the single-shot spin echo sequences, and the fast spin-echo’s train length. Recent studies have hinted that parallel imaging is quite attractive for both vascular and cardiac application and proves more valuable as a 3-T body. Recent studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be devoted for establishing means of increasing the acquisition speed. It is worth noting, therefore, that impressive gains have been realized in an effort to make MRI more effective in its application. This paper seeks to provide an overview of fundamental parallel imaging concepts while illustrating on potential clinic al applications. In this paper, merits, demerits of parallel imaging, as well as the comparison between SENSE and GRAPPA as parallel imaging technique would be emphasized. ... Moreover, it has an advantage of not being able to alter the contrast behavior of the imaging sequence underneath (Boesiger, 2002). Described as one with the ability to decrease the time required to perform the image sequence, it causes an increase in the resolution provided there is a specific time measured or be able to perform the two (Boesiger, 2002). For instance in cases where a patient experiences acquisition time exceeding his/her breath-hold capacity, The Parallel imaging can help in addressing this issue through reducing the patient acquisition time by factor 2 or even greater Figure 01. (Glockner et al. 2004) Figure 01.  The  Improved visualization of segmental renal arteries in SENSE IMAGES. IN case, the patient was initially short in breath with difficulty in suspending the respiration for a standard acquisition time. The use of Parallel imaging helped reduce acquisition time from 19s to 10 seconds (Glocker et al, 2004). For the Parallel images that are used in spira l scanning and EPI, they have a faster redouts, which often help to reduce the phase error that often result from BO motion or inhomogenity (Griswold, Jakob, 2002). Through this it help mitigate the T2* decay effect. In this case, motion effects, as well as T2 decay can be reduced and can be reduced when RF echo trains apply. Within the image product, such an advantage can lead to reduced susceptibility, motion artifact, as well as in mitigating of the T2/T2* blurring (Hahn eta l. 2003). In this case, Parallel imaging helps in reducing motion artifact, alongside diminishing the venous contamination, in particular for regions in which there happens to be rapid venous return. For instance, in carotid and renal arteries (figure 02) (Glockner et al. 2004) Figure

What social, political, and economic reasons should Puerto Rico be an Term Paper

What social, political, and economic reasons should Puerto Rico be an Independent Nation - Term Paper Example An island with over ? of the population having difficulties with English will never fit in a country whose 97% of its population speaks fluent English. It would be easier for Puerto Rico be a sovereign country due to the cultural and linguistic concessions. A Spanish speaking island would not want to see its culture erode gradually the way Quebec has been torn from Canada (usefoundation.org 1). Being an overseas territory of the U.S, Puerto Rico has been exposed to penetration of American commodities, capital, customs, and laws. This is unequaled to any other Latin American state. Paradoxically, Puerto Ricans show strong cultural identity compared to other Caribbean people. There has been a widening rift between asserting a separate culture for the Islanders and the pushing for sovereignty. This has been manifested in music, beauty contests, sports among other areas. Puerto Rico is a representation of apparent paradox. It is stateless and has refused to assimilate into mainstream Ame rica. After over a hundred years of American occupation PuertoRico is Afro-Hispanic. Puerto Ricans consider it a postcolonial colony. They are people without a nation of their own since they live in a U.S territory that is not part of the U.S (Jorge Duany 425). Puerto Rico’s juridical definition is neither a sovereign republic nor a state. This creates contested, problematic, and ambiguous political status. It is a Paradox how this kind of in-between status strengthens rather instead of weakening Puerto Rican national identity. In opinion polls which have been conducted in Puerto Rico, over 60 percent of the population chooses Puerto Rico to be their nation, whereas about... There are many pros in Puerto Rican economics. Puerto Rico will be able to tax its own citizens and use the money to build and develop its infrastructure. There will be an open market for trading with the nations currently in alliance with United States. If it becomes a sovereign state, the island will enjoy low unemployment rates and a high per capita income. All the Puerto Ricans working in the U.S and other countries will come back to build their country. The relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States is directly responsible for the island having among the highest living standards of Caribbean, Central, and South America. However, Puerto Ricans who are American citizens by birth are still very far away from the same economic prosperity levels as the American citizens in the fifty states. The opportunity of achieving those standards is only if Puerto Ricans will govern themselves and improve the economic situation of their country

Law of carriage of goods by sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Law of carriage of goods by sea - Essay Example However this extra equipment was necessary to avoid the build up of potentially explosive gases and to keep the cargo at the agreed temperature, both for purposes of care for the cargo and the safety of the vessel. The case suggests that the Fast &Ready company, the owners of ships/vessels had to charter the vessel Multipurpose by 15th December for carrying toxic liquid cargo of 5000 tonnes of chemicals. Yet considering the fact that Multipurpose will have to be fitted with extra piping, heating and ventilation systems to avoid extra build up of gases and to keep the cargo and vessel safe, Fast & Ready will have to invest considerable amount of money in upgrading the vessel and avoiding the dangers otherwise they may be liable to legal proceedings by the companies who hire their vessels. Considering this, the following advice could be given to Fast & Ready. The important document and law that needs to be attended to is the bill of lading that is a contract of carriage. Carriage of goods involves the bulk of commercial activity and although bills are negotiable, they control possession of goods and allow movement of merchandise and commodities around the world. In case of loss or damaged goods, the basic legal structure that regulates this and the statute is the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936 and this is also known as Cogsa that applies to foreign trade1. The Cogsa is applicable from the time the goods are loaded to until they are discharged. The Cogsa is updated from the Harter Act and Hague rules which laid down that shipowners should be prevented from contracting unless they take care to put the vessel in good shape before the voyage and also considering the goods that would be used aboard. The shipowner's duty is to provide a seaworthy vessel. Cogsa and Harter are applicable although any bill of lading would incorporate similar s tatute. Shipowner's liabilities are many and these are to make the vessel seaworthy, to use proper equipment and supply as also manning of the vessel, to make sure that holds, cooling compartments and areas where goods are to be stored are suitable and safe for storage, preservation and carriage. The Cogsa has the following provisions and limitations. Section 4 (1) of Cogsa2 that: "Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy, and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped, and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provision of paragraph (1) of section 3. Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthin

Ethics in Public Administration

Ethics in Public Administration What are ethics, and why do they matter for public administrators? Ethics are very dependable within a certain setting, but can differ greatly between contexts. All through the world, business organizations and different callings lead every day exercises that oblige norms of ethical conduct. To pass on an organizations goals, standards, and objectives most organizations build up a code of ethics that defines the behavior of what others can expect (Shafritz, J., Russell, E, 2011). Ethics is so important in business because it gives a company greater credibility. Strong work ethnics are vital.Ethnics is a very important matter for public administration. Ethnics impacts public administrators in a variety of way. Throughout the day, businesses, organizations, and administrators, do daily activities that involve standards of ethical behavior. In public administration there levels of ethnics. There are four main levels of ethnics in public administration. The first ethnic moral is personal morality which means it is the basic of what is right and what is wrong. Many factors can lead to this such as religious beliefs, cultural factors, social factors, friends and family (Shafritz, J., Russell, E, 2011). Personal ethics are different for each person, but people want to be known as a good person not a bad. Professional ethics in public administration state that a person should act â€Å"professional† in a business or at work. Employees should have strong work ethnics to work more complete as well as being more honest. Employees who uphold strong personal ethnics will meet goals faster of a business or organization in which they work. Ethical employees can also increase a company’s reputation and the services it provides. Next organizational ethics is essential. An organization should uphold strong standards to be on top. Strong standards insures more people will look up to the organization or company. Organizational ethnics can help the organization in its programs, policies, stands, and even business making decisions. Organizational ethics gives a business a strong reputation and creates more productivity. Leaders create more organizational ethnics. Leaders create strong ethnics so employees will behave better, reward more employees who work strong with integrity, and discipline employees with poor work ethics. A good organization culture real does improve the morale among employees in a business, which can create more productivity. Also customers will want to go back to organizations and businesses who hold very high standards (Shafritz, J., Russell, E, 2011). Shafritz, J., Russell, E. (2011). Introducing public administration (7th ed.). Boston: Longman. Discuss the ways in which accountability affects public administrators. How is accountability balanced with efficiency? Democracy stands in the way of efficiency in many instances. Since democracy is multiple people making decisions on what they believe to be the best solution sometimes isn’t. Making a popular decisions isn’t always the most efficient decision. However, with democracy many people are sublime by the decisions they make because a majority agree with the decision. The government doesn’t seek out what is best for all citizens but only does want the majority of them want. A government such as a democracy, waste a lot of money campaigning and puts and unneeded strain on the economy for funding purposes. For democracy a majority population only decides on candidates for a political office from given list, and then the politicians decide instead of the rest of population. To be more efficient it is more important than ethics and accountability correlate. If a government is efficient they will be producing more and have a higher GDP. What people want most is for the government to create the conditions in which they can have a comfortable quality of life, and find happiness. If I had to choose a government I would choose democracy. Democracy is a word and an idea that whips up a great deal of emotion and idealism in people all over the world. While there is no perfect or universal definition of democracy, it is generally accepted that it refers to a political system in which all the citizens have a say in who governs their country, and how their country is governed. To most people, democracy is also a belief in the freedom of the individual to express his or her opinions. Democracy represents the views and notions of all the citizens of the country, whether majorities or minorities. Democracy allows various people to rule the country through the represe ntatives and gives a dignity to the people. What is meant by the â€Å"machinery† of government? According to Machinery of government, guidance and information, Machinery of Government refers to the structures of government and how they work. It includes organizations within the government, their functions, and how they all work together and see how the public is working. Machinery of Government changes are terms that are commonly used to describe organizational or functional changes affecting the public. In the US, the Machinery of government, is less conventional and less likely to change compared to other countries such as Britain and Australia. Machinery of government changes generally occur in the period immediately after a general election. However, a Machinery of government change can happen a person in charge such as the president or prime minster. Undergoing a machinery of government change can be challenging. Agencies are required to consider a vast number of issues and deal with wide-ranging matters, some of which can be very complex and time-consuming.In an article a bout Machinery change of government it includes may examples such as abolishing a government department by transferring its functions to other government departments, creating a government department, merging two or more government departments, and moving functions in to or out of government departments. Machinery of Government is hard to put in place. One example of Machinery of Government is if a minister wanted to create a new department, then they have to move responsibilities around. Shafritz, J., Russell, E. (2011). Introducing public administration (7th ed.). Boston: Longman. 1. What are the differences between Scientific Management, Orthodoxy, Neoclassical Organizational Theory, and Modern Organizational Theory? Many theories and principles come into play for public administration. First Scientific Management is a theory that can help and improve productivity of a business or organization. Scientific management techniques improve the way tasks are performed and makes it easier for workers to be trained in their particular field. Scientific management increases productivity greatly. For example, a manager could increase production over 200% and reduce workers by 75% by increasing the size of a shovel. Scientific management is made up of four principles. First, finding the best way to do a task, secondly match each worker to task they can do well, thirdly, supervise workers and use rewards or punishments when needed, and lastly management should plan and control. Next orthodoxyis now often used with position to Public Administration in the 1920s and 1930s to show an excellence of general agreement and confidence. In the period of orthodoxy in public administration, work of government could be divided between decision-making and execution. Orthodoxy had many ideas such as true democracy is efficient, work of the government could be divided by decision makers and execution. Also administration was a science with many discoverable principles and theories. Next, the Neoclassical Organizational Theory emphasized on employee welfare and a company’s organization structure. This theory played an important role in human needs. The neoclassical hypothesis was an endeavor at joining the behavioral sciences into administration thought to tackle the issues brought on by traditional hypothesis rehearses. The reason of this was on the idea that the part of administration is to utilize representatives to accomplish things in associations. Instead of spotlight on creation, structures, or innovation, the neoclassical hypothesis concentrated with the representative. Neoclassical scholars focused on noting inquiries identified with the most ideal approach to rouse, structure, and help workers inside the association. Studies in this time, including the Hawthorne Studies, uncovered that social components, for example, representative connections were an important element for managers to consider. It was thought that any manager who neglected to re cord for the social needs of his or her worker could hope to manage safety and lower execution. Representatives expected to discover some inherent esteem in their employments, which they surely were not landing from the position that was much institutionalized. As opposed to putting representatives into occupation parts, where they finished one particular undertaking throughout the day with practically no collaboration with associates, workers could be organized in such a path, to the point that they would regularly impart errands, data, and information with each other. The belief was that once workers were set into alternative structure, their requirements for socialization would be satisfied, and subsequently they would be more productive Lastly, the Modern Organizational Theory gives one an insight on the study and processes of organizations. The organization theory makes it easy to explain the relationship og the organization and its surroundings. The goal of this theory is to clarify why an organization has structure such as power, control and coordination. This theory aims to understand why certain organizations used different structures and organizational processes. Shafritz, J., Russell, E. (2011). Introducing public administration (7th ed.). Boston: Longman. http://pubad-ias.blogspot.com/2011/08/frederick-taylor-and-scientific.html 2. What is â€Å"Personnel†? Why and how does it matter for governments? Personnel is very important in the government. It gives organization and federal agencies the best possible and most qualified employees. The Pendleton Act of 1883 and Hatch Act of 1939 has greatly shaped personnel in various organizations. First the Pendleton Act gave federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of quality. The act stated that government employees should be picked through strategic assessments. The Pendleton Act has transformed the nature of public services. Many people now find jobs in federal agencies. The act greatly improved the civil service of the US. It also interrupted the spoils system, which was custom to presidential administrations. In today’s society many parts of the 1833 Pendleton Act come to place. In today’s time, one can now fire or demote a government employee which they did in 1833 also. Also in today’s world personnel has to take examinations to get into certain jobs. A lot of personnel also have adopted the Hatch Act of 1939 in today’s society. This act prevents federal government members who don’t have clear political roles, such as the pres ident, from intervening in political activity. For example a mailman can’t run for state senate. They don’t really have any political background. The hatch act makes it difficult for government personnel to use authority that can interfere with elections which is still in effect today. Both of these acts have played a big role in government personnel right now, and the US has mirrored these acts in today’s society as well. The Pendleton Act of 1883 emerged when the assassination of President James A Garfield occurred. An office seeker of a government official is sought to have ordered the attack. The U.S. legislation recognized a law, which presented employment based on value rather than on political party relationship that leads to bribery in the government system. Widespread public requests for reform in the government was motivated after the Civil War by allegations of incompetence, corruption, and theft in a lot of federal departments. This act improved civil services of the US. This act is still used in the US today. Providing sfor the open selection of government employees and guaranteeing the right of citizens to compete for federal jobs without regard to politics, religion, race, or national origin. The new law covered only about 10 percent of the positions in the federal government, but nearly every president after Chester A. Arthur, who signed the bill into law, broadened its scope. By 1980 m ore than 90 percent of federal employees were protected by the act of Hatch. Both of these acts have greatly shaped government personnel and in other organizations as well. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 was huge for system principles. The Act also gave reform to personnel practices that we even use today. The act was passed under President Carter. He made the bureaucracy more manageable. This act lets federal employees join a collective bargaining. Protection Board was created to provide recourse for angry employees. The Civil Service Act also provided the employees of US with a real, and productive workforce to improve public services. Federal employees should be made consistent with merit system principles. So it rejuvenated wreaked systems and replaced them with a quality system for choosing government workers. It also made the US Civil Service Commission divide into 2 agencies. First, the Office of Personnel Management, and the Merit Systems. Also the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). So all in all the Civil Service Reform Act covered a wide diversity of management reforms, including creation of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), a nd the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). These new agencies replaced the former U.S. Civil Service Commission which didn’t work well and were very corrupt. Ethics in Public Administration Ethics in Public Administration Accountability in public administration is a very important aspect to civil service in every country. Dr. Beaumaster defined accountability as an objective responsibility which involves responsibility to someone, or some collective body (2010). Integrity, transparency and accountability are basic principles of public administration; therefore, governments must have a checks and balances systems that ensures the honesty and integrity of their local bureaucracies. These principles must be adopted and exercised in the country as well as in public administration. Accountability must be carried out in administration in order to have a transparent and integral government system. Although transparency, integrity, and honesty are all intertwined, they are different things. Transparency refers to the reliability in information keeping and providing citizen services for the country. Integrity refers to honest ethical practices, which deter corruption in the administration of public services. Public administrators and state heads must develop accountability criteria that is fair and not one sided. All public administrators and political leaders must be aware of these rules and regulations to abide by so that there are no weaknesses in the process, which can be taken for granted by the public servants and politicians. The first basic step in the accountability process in public administration is to recognize the efficacy of power. According to McKinney and Howard (1998), the power or authority is necessary to carry out any development program; however, transparency, integrity and accountability can not be obtained by simply cutting powers of administrators (p. 463-470). The struggle for attaining more and more power between bureaucrats, presents an issue. And if this power struggle is not eliminated, this is a conflict that has potential to become progressively worse in the future. Accountability is a complex process. Government agencies have to address and tackle abuse, which is a practice that is essential in attaining government and public goals. Public trust of bureaucracy and government is very important in a democratic country and this can be only achieved by having a fair and strong accountability process in the country. Coercive political power takes place when a public officer takes advantage of their power and misuses it for self-benefit rather than the publics good. When this occurs, it breaks trust of citizens and lowers public opinion towards public administrators and the government itself. The unethical decisions and acts performed by the public officials are also within the realm of accountability. The other types of issues in public administration which may arise are blaming of errors on other officers then oneself, leaking confidential information (i.e. whistle-blowing), fabricating time/quality/quantity and reports, misusing of expenses allowed, taking gifts/favors in exchange of preference or personal benefits to clients, taking unnecessary days off and taking extra time for breaks like lunch and dinner, are some examples of acts by public administrators that jeopardize transparency, accountability, honesty, and integrity (Gordon and Milakovich, 2009, p. 93-95). In short, accountability is the process for ensuring that public monies and powers must be used effectively and with honesty for public services only. There must be no misuse of any public power or money by the public administrators and government itself. This also brings trust relationship between the public and the government and its departments. Accountability is a process which must be adopted in every department of the country. Efficiency and Effectiveness Efficiency and effectiveness are important in public administration. Efficiency and effectiveness are desired in every aspect of public administration. An example of this is proper spending of citizens tax dollars. Tax payers monies must be used effectively and efficiently; therefore, utilization of funds must be careful, constructive and productive on order to carry out the overall good of the public. Effective public administration if of fundamental importance because the public needs services delivered in a timely manner. In order to ensure proper implementation of programs and services, political demands of the ruling government adopt low cost efficient and effective processes based on the public interest of the country. Efficiency refers to attaining a goal of providing the best services possible for the least amount of money and resources. It is always important to provide optimal public services for the least amount of cost, especially during todays economic hardships. Effectiveness refers to making sure the work done is according to public demands, accountability process is carried out and democratic process is observed (Box, 2009, p. 254-255). The decisions made in the public sector are according to demands of the public, which are revealed through discussions between citizens, discovering issues, developing policies and rules, and managing public administrators to implement services and programs. Public administration can be effective and efficient if the processes adopted by public administrators are efficient, fast and according to needs of the government and public. E-government processes bring efficiency and effectiveness in the public sector by minimizing the time scales on public level and inter-department communication and processes. E-government enables the public administrators and departments to offer citizen service through one click and their precious time saved. E-government includes online services provided to citizens of the country. This increases the efficiency and effectiveness in spending public money and for right purpose (Cloete and Petroni, 2005, p. 148-149). E-government has assisted in eliminating time spent standing in long lines and has helped to reduce the red tape that citizens are forced to deal with in many public institutions. The success of any government and public administration can be measured by efficiency and effectiveness. Public opinion regarding effectiveness and efficiency can be measured from time to time by conducting satisfaction surveys, consultations with people directly, and direct individual interaction. From a government policy making standpoint, legislation must be made with the publics interests in mind. Policies must be designed and implemented in accordance with how the public feels their hard-earned tax dollars should be spent. In conclusion, efficiency and effectiveness are two basic principles of public administration and both must be present in any successful agency. Public administrations that design policies with consultation of the public, consider their requirements and also take feedback about their policies are successful with spending the publics money honestly, effectively and reliably. The spending of public money must be done according to citizens needs and different tools can be adopted for finding what the public needs and requires by the government and public administration. Public services must be delivered effectively and efficiently so that there most of the output can be achieved with the public money and resources. The Legitimacy of the Administrative State Legitimacy is all about the source of power and who has it (Beaumaster, 2010). The legitimacy of the administrative state claims that it offers opportunities to community engagement and also provides a method for scientific decision making. Rohr (1986) emphasized that the blending of executive, legislative, and judicial powers are aligned according to the separation of powers in a democratic community (p. 35). Rohr argued that the legitimacy of the administrative state was originally meant for the American Senate. It provides a sustainability and permanence to the government system of America and plays a balancing role in different constitutional departments of the country government. The Senate also focuses on the limitations present in representations in the House of Representatives. The legitimacy of the administrative state empowers future public administrators for playing their own autonomous role by selecting one of the constitutional masters that might clash with one another (Spicer, 2007, p. 2-3). Rohr (1986) worked on two basic principles: the people of the country if follow illegitimate powers and this is happening in present political environment, a legitimate state must be present to avoid such things (p. 35). Questions regarding the legitimacy of the administrative state emerged two centuries ago. The legitimacy was questioned because the constitution did not provide the bases for organizations. Citizens must trust their government because legitimacy can only be achieved when their trust is garnered. The legitimacy of the public administrative state can be accomplished by means of expertise, public service, leadership qualities, and vision. Public administrators are responsible for the legitimacy of the state by having direct communication with the community by using their bureaucratic expertise, vision of the government, political leadership and best public service delivery. The legitimacy of the administrative state brings the sustainability to the country and ultimately to the state itself. In conclusion, Legitimacy of the administrative state has four sources: constitution, legal, public perception, and professionalism (Beaumaster, 2010). They must deliver effective citizen services with honesty and ensure that the vision of the government is achieved. These efforts bring the legitimacy of the state in view point of the people of the country. The state is considered as stable and strong in terms of its constitution and legislative actions. The legitimacy of the administrative state also empowers the government to accomplish their policies and people who elected them to the house must trust them to bring legitimacy. In Saudi Arabia the women cannot travel abroad without the permission of responsible man such as father, brother, and husband. Males in Saudi Arabia has the ultimate power and authority; they are legitimates because they have some power that woman dont have. Even in some workplaces like government and public sector services, there are some certain jobs that are male dominant. So those males have legitimacy that females dont have. Moreover, children under eighteen cant travel without permission of male guardian. So, those male guardians have legitimacy because they have ultimate power and authority. Also the Customs inspector and Passport officers have legitimacy to stop anybody in the airport. They have the power and authority to do so. They also have to use ethics in their decision making so they will not be held accountable for any mistaken situation. The Politics-Administration Dichotomy The Politics/Administration Dichotomy idea was explained by Woodrow Wilson in his article The Study of Administration. This article is considered the backbone of public administration. The dichotomy offers an enduring image to elected political members, public officers, and students of the public administration. This depicts the real issues of policy and administration decisions which struck in government. Politicians or elected members are liable for policy making and agenda setting. Policy decisions and policy and program implementation is the responsibility of public servants. This dichotomy is meant for eliminating politics in the government departments and leaving elected politicians within the realm of legislation. Svara (1998) explained that observations have shown that it is effective to create boundaries of public administration and develop a normative relationship between public administrators and elected politicians in a democratic community (p. 51-58). Wilson suggested that a dichotomy is inevitable because government policies must be via politics while its enforcement must be non-political administration. He also emphasized a more business-like approach to civil service and stressed that public administration is indeed a science of its own irrelevant of political science. Wilsons theories assisted in forming the foundation of American bureaucracies in the early 1940s. The politics-administration dichotomy had been in existence in Europe a century earlier. According to scholarly research, Sapru (2006) claims that Wilsons findings that were presented in The Study of Administration regarding the dichotomy are ambiguous (p. 56). For the first time in American history, Wilson changed the mindset of public administration by viewing from a scientific, systematic perspective. Wilsons dichotomy also encouraged that the government recruit professionally educated bureaucrats in order to achieve a professional administration in America. Adopting this dichotomy meant making partisan-based appointments and the utilization of political power to get support for certain policies and programs. He was also successful in creating an image of government where administrators were dependent on political and partisan chief executives of the country due to a centralized approach to government. Wilson believed that administrators had to be granted a certain amount of discretionary decision making power by their chief executives in order to be efficient. Brownlow (1956) was a famous consultant of public administration matters who praised the idea of politics-administration dichotomy presented by Woodrow Wilson. Brownlow believed that Wilson laid a foundation for a study program that allowed anyone in the country who is interested in art or the science of public administration to research the topic (Brownlow, 1956). In the modern era, Woodrow Wilsons role in public administration is not denied. However, it might be argued whether he is the founder of public administration or only a dominant personality for the growth of public administration in America. Wilsons essay about public administration was part of the administration and politics as the social, political and intellectual ferment till the 19th century (Durham, 1940, p. 1-6). Wilsons essay presented ideas on how to approach and successfully conquer a rapidly changing American economy through social and political-administrative order. The Issue of Representation Representation is also a crucial pillar that relates to who should represent the will of the people according to Dr.Beaumaster(2010). The issue of representation is present across the globe in public administration. This issue comprises on gender, race, or ethnicity factors. The public administration of any country must be comprised of all races, genders and ethnic groups. The effective representative bureaucracy offers a public administration of all people in terms of demographics so that true representation of all groups is involved in decision making process of the public administration and government. The active representation occurs in bureaucracy when they represent the views of those with similar demographic backgrounds (Box, 2007, p. 138-139). Representation issues must be decreased in order to increase the quality of public services. Female representation is another major issue in public administration due to lack of representation of females. American governments have historically been dominated by the white male and men typically hold political positions and chief executive offices. Diversity needs to be present in public officials so that diversified issues like religious, ethnic, gender or any other demographic issues can be properly and fairly addressed. Individuals belonging to lower socioeconomic classes must be represented, as well. The American government is based on an idea of equity; therefore, a government that recognizes diversity is one that is representative of all populations. In the event representation lacks within certain populations (i.e. minority populations), then there is a chance those of the power elite receive the most representation. The representation of the African American population is less when compared to the representation that the Caucasian population has historically received, which has caused problems for black communities across the United States. Furthermore, lack of representation of the black communities has resulted their distrust of government officials and agencies (Mosher, 1994, p. 142.) Representation issues are heightened when immigrant and minority populations are represented inadequately in public administration. This also creates miscommunication and does not develop trust relationships among immigrants and public administrators. Similarly, race, ethnic and gender issues create problems. Environments of this nature also compromise efficiency and effectiveness. Representation must be according to the demographics of the country, state and local level. All people must have their proper representation. Females must have their own representation in the public administration as well as in House of Representatives so that all policies and rules are made according to the needs of the females in the country. Minorities must also be represented in government and in public administration so that the laws will be aligned according to their religions and independent beliefs. In conclusion, the true representation of every class must be present in the administrative departments and government. This true representation enables government and administrators to develop and implement according to the needs of the people in specific demographics. Equal gender rights must be present in the country and community and this is only possible when there is equal representation of males and females in the decision making process. The responsible public administrator Cooper presented the idea of The responsible public administrator in which he suggested that the primary responsibility of the public administrator is to deal with public interest with honesty and common good responsibility which emerges from the fiduciary role of public administration (Boje, 2008, p. 72). According to this theory, public administrators are individuals that rely upon their own expertise and neutrality. The actions they take are based on scientific and neutral principles. Cooper emphasized that a responsible public administrator knows how to decide an ethical choice in which one might be involved in right action versus wrong action and even sometimes right action versus right action. The individual must build up the skills of moral imagination which involves the capability to create a movie in our minds which must consider the dynamics of the environment in which ethical choice must be taken care (Menzel, 2007, p. 54). Also, Svara indicated that accountability is required in government and nonprofit organization. Being responsible and accountable for action are very important for ethical administration (2007). No government in the world is perfect. Mistakes and corruptions always happen because we are human being not angels. According to Madison in the Federalist paper 51. If men were angels, no government would be necessaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Kettl, 2003). The goal of the responsible public administrator is to practice good ethics, develop a creative reflection of a situation, while laying down the public service values (Cooper, 1990, p. 6). This emphasized how public servants are held responsible by the public and elected officials to act ethically and not take advantage of their powers. Public administrators must behave ethically during the administration of public service and practice making value-based decisions while performing their duties. Public administrators that are responsible know when take the right action versus the wrong action. Poor ethical practices can be detrimental to an agencys success. Ethical decisions must be in compliance with the mission, vision, and values of the organization. Coopers framework provides a solid base for all aspects of public administration within the realm of decision making. Cooper stressed that public administrator must balance professional, personal, and organizational values. This framework enables public servants while they are performing their duties to make decisions neutrally and ethically. Their decisions must be according to the rules and regulations of the government and must not violate any political and governmental rules. The framework not only reiterates the importance of wise ethical practices, but it also demands that their actions remain ethical and practically neutral. Svara(2007) stated Public administrator has sufficient independence to be responsible for the action. In conclusion, the responsible public administrator is important for the integrity of democratic societies. Citizens of the country benefit when public administrators handle local and national social matters neutrally, ethically, and in accordance with the law. The democratic government is more likely to be successful if they have responsible public servants because they are the ones that are primarily in charge of implementation. Responsible administrators engage in ethical decision making practices that benefit the entire society, not just themselves. Responsible administrators are committed and dedicated to carrying out the overall public good.

Human Cloning Should be Permitted Essay -- Human Cloning Essays

Human Cloning Should be Permitted What would you say if I told you that scientists had just developed a new procedure that could lead not only to the cure for cancer, but would provide an unlimited source of organ donors and could lead to the first effective treatment of nerve damage? Now adding on to this scenario lets say that our government was taking action to ban this new procedure because of a few myths and some loud mouthed conservatives. This scenario is true and is taking place with human cloning at this very moment. If you don't act fast this crowning achievement of medical science could be lost forever. "This procedure will be both a contribution to science and a betterment of the human race." Human cloning will provide unlimited benefits to our species and should be legal. This paper is intended to educate you to the many benefits of human cloning before it is banned due to ignorance. Now before you read any further I would like to ask you to forget any myth, legend or science fiction that you might have heard about cloning. The cloning of humans could be the greatest achievement of medical science, it could lead the way to the solution to some of humanity's greatest problems. Every year hundreds of thousands of Americans die from cancer making it the second most common cause of death in the united states. However, through cloning and other forms of genetic research scientists are all ready learning all kinds of important information about the genetic make up of cancer and before long we may have the cure for cancer. Though the cure for cancer is reason enough not to ban cloning it is by no means the only benefit this new technology could create for the medical field. With human cloning ... ...d benefits come from a field of research and in order for our society to better itself through science we must be open minded to new ideas and procedures and be so quick to ban them before we have the chance to truly let the benefits come forth. Human Cloning is possibly the answer to some of our eras toughest scientific problems and should by no means be stopped before we even learn what it can do. I have already told you many reasons why cloning should be legal and I hope you have gained a better understanding of this remarkable new procedure. The evidence I have presented is certainly more than enough reasons to support human cloning. however, my strongest argument is the look of pain and anguish on the face of parents who have just lost a child. I think that if human cloning can save the life of just one of these children then it is a worthwhile endeavor.